Topology :

            How Physical connected with nodes is called Topology there was many topology in network.

• Bus.

• Ring.

• Star.

• Mesh.

• Tree.

• Hybrid.

Liner and Bus Topology:

          The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to common transmission medium which has exactly two end points is called the bus topology. That is transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network virtually simultaneously. it consists a single main cable connects each node which is called backbone network. The network OS keeps track of unique electronic address for each node and manages the flow of information. A single cable is dedicated to all the information traffic, Performance can be slow at times. This topology is often bound in client/server systems Example file server: dedicated solely to the distribution of data files.

Advantages Of a Bus topology:

• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a liner bus.

• requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

• Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

Ring Topology:

          The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network connected two other nodes in the network and with the first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring. The nodes are connected in a circle using cable segments. Each node physically connected only to two others. All data that is transmitted between nodes in the network travels from one node to the next node in a circular manner and the data generally flows in a single direction. Performance can be faster. Found in peer-to-peer networks.

Advantages Of a Ring topology:

•  Easy to connect a computers.

•  Fast data transformation.  

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

• Not meant for large building.

Star Topology:

        A star topology is designed with each node connected directly to a central network hub or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub Or  concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable. It can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. 

Advantages Of a Ring topology:

• Easy to install and wire.

• No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.

• Easy to detect faults and then remove faulty parts.

Disadvantages Of a Ring topology:

• It requires more cable length than a linear topology.

• If the hub Or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

• Start topology is more expensive than linear bus topology because of the cost of concentrators.

Mesh Topology:

      A mesh topology is designed with each node is connected directly. Each node is connected to another node individually. A node contain node-1 wires will be required.

Advantages Of a Mesh topology:

• If one cable is broken there was no break to communication.

• Any node get failed reaming nodes will communicate not like a bus topology.  

Disadvantages Of a Mesh topology:

• If a cable was broken it was very hard to find physically.

• High cost because more number of cables was required i.e., n-1 nodes required.

Tree Topology:

        A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of Star- Configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Advantages Of a Tree topology:

• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

• Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages Of a Tree topology:

• The type of cabling used limits overall length of each segement.

• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.

• More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Hybrid Topology:

       Hybrid, as the name suggests, is mixture of two different things. Similarly in this type of topology we integrate two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology which has good points(as well as weaknesses) of all the constituent basic topologies rather than having characteristics of one specific topology. This combination of topologies is done according to the requirements of the organization.

Advantages Of a Tree topology:

• Fault detection and troubleshooting is easy in this type of topology so it is Reliable.

• Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new components so it is Scalable.

• Its easy to increase the size of network by adding new components so it is Flexible.

• Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more topologies, so we can design it in such a way that strengths of constituent topologies are maximized while there weaknesses are neutralized So it is Effective.

Disadvantages Of a Tree topology:

• One of the biggest drawback of hybrid topology is its design. Its not easy to design this type of architecture and its a tough job for designers. Configuration and installation process needs to be very efficient so it is complexity of design.

• The hubs used to connect two distinct networks, are very expensive. These hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to be intelligent enough to work with different architectures and should be function even if a part of network is down

• As hybrid architectures are usually larger in scale, they require a lot of cables, cooling systems, sophisticate network devices, etc.