Reserved IP Addresses:

                   Certain IP address are reserved and cannot be assigned to individual devices on a network. These reserved address include a network address, which is used for broadcasting packets to all of the devices on a network. I explain the types of reserved IP address and provides Example of each.

Network Address:

                  The network address is a standard way to refer to a network. An Ip address that has binary 0s in all of the host bit positions is reserved for the network address. therefore, as a Class A network example, 10.0.0.0 is the IP address of the network containing the host 10.1.2.3. All hosts in the 10.0.0.0 will have the same network bits. As a Class B network example, the IP address 172.16.0.0 is a network address, and 192.16.1.0 is a Class C network. A router uses the network IP address when it searches its IP route table for the destination network location.
                 The decimal numbers that fill the first two octets in a class B network address are assigned. The last two octets contain 0s because those 16 bits are for host numbers and are used for devices that are attached to the network. In the IP address 172.16.0.0,. The first octet are reserved for the network address and ever used as an address for any device that is attached to it. An example of an IP address for a device on the 172.16.0.0 network is 172.16.16.1. IN this example, 172.16 is the network address portion and 16.1 is the host address portion.

Directed Broadcast Address:

                The broadcast IP address is a special address for each network that allows communication to all of the hosts in that network. To send data to all of the hosts in a network, a host can send a single packet that is addressed to the broadcast address of the network. tha broadcast address uses the highest address in the network range. This is the address in which the bits in the host portion are all 1s. For the network 10.0.0.0 with 8 network bits, the broadcast address would be 10.255.255.255. This address is also referred to as the directed broadcast.
                 For the network in example(172.16.0.0), the last 16 bits makeup the host field(or host part of the address). The broadcast that would be sent out to all of the devices on that network would include a destination address of 172.16.255.255. The directed broad cast is capable of being routed.

Local Broadcast Address:

                 If an IP device wants to communicate with all of the devices on the local network, it sets the destination address to all 1s (255.255.255.255) and transmits the packet. For example, hosts that do not know their network number and are asking a server for it may use this address. The local broadcast is never routed.

Local Loopback Address:

                A local loopback address is used to let the system send a message to itself for testing. The loopback address creates a shortcut method for TCP/IP applications and services that run on the same device to communicate with one another. A typical local loopback IP address is 127.0.0.1.

Autoconfiguration IP Addresses:

                IPv4 addresses in the address block 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0/16) are designated as link-local addresses. These address can be automatically assigned to the local host by the operating system in environments where no IP configuration is available. This address can be used only for local network connectivity and operates with many caveats, one of which is that it will not be routed. You will mostly see this address as a failure condition when a PC fails to obtain an address via DHCP.

Network ID:

               The network portion of an IP address is also referred to as the network ID. This is important because most hosts on a network can directly communicate only with devices in the same network. If the hosts need to communicate with devices that have interfaces that are assigned to another network ID, they must go through a network devices share the same physical media segment.
             A network ID enables a router to put a packet onto the appropriate network segment. The host ID helps the router deliver the layer s frame encapsulating the  packet to a specific host on the network. As a result, the IP address is mapped to the correct MAC address, which is needed by the Layer 2 process on the router to address the frame.

Host ID:

                 The host address component (host ID) identifies a specific endpoint. These enpoints are the servers, computers and other devices that are connected to the network. Host IDs are assigned to individual devices( end-user devices, printers, network devices and so on)