Rouetr:

       A router is useful for packet forwarding by seeing the IP address in the Network layer of OSI. It avoid broadcasting, this device is useful in Wide area network (WAN). Packet will froward by seeing the routing table in the router, packet entering in to router is called enter interface and exist is called exist interface. It open up to network layer in data link layer it add's next MAC address of router if exist.    

Switch:

        While similar in some ways to bridges, LAN switches hav special characteristics that make them effective in alleviating network congestion. This topic describes those characteristics of switches. In the last few years, switches have become a fundamental part of most networks, switches allow the segmentation of the LAN into separate collision domains. Each port of the switch represents a separate collision domain and provides the full-duplex communications(having a connection that can carry transmitted and received signals at the same time) has enabled the 1Gb/s Ethernet and beyond.
       Like bridge, switches connect LAN segments, use a table of MAC addresses to determine the segment to which the data is to be sent, and reduce network traffic. Switches, however, operate at much higher speeds than bridges and support more advanced functionalities:

• Superior throughput Performance.
• higher port density.
• per-port cost.
• greater flexibility.

Router Booting Process:

Boot Modes:

They are three types of modes:

• Normal mode.
• Boot mode.
• Password recovery mode.

This modes can be change in two ways one is Rom monitor and through CLI. To enter into Rom monitor Switch on the router then press ctrl+pause/break continuously, then you see this mode 'i >', here type config register "any of the three modes" eg: i > config register 0x2101 (for boot mode) . From CLI go to configuration mode type configuration register "any of the three modes" eg: router(config)#config register 0x2101.

Normal mode: 

        In normal router loads the IOS with configuration (if config) in to ram, and enter in Command Line Interface (CLI). Its Configuration register is 0x2102.

Boot mode:

         In Boot mode, router run's on configuration register 0x2101. In this mode IOS install in to router with the help of TFTP like (Cisco, Solar winds).   

Password Recovery mode:

         In Password recovery mode we break the password that assign to the router, this is done by changing configuration register as 0x2142.     

Booting:

          Booting is a process of loading ios and configuration in to ram.

Installing ISO:

Page Under development